Intake, Safety and Economic Assessments

Intake Assessments

GOED commissioned Exponent to perform an EU intake assessment of EPA/DHA rich oils compared to vegetable oils.

• Intake Assessment of EPA/DHA Omega-3 Oils using Data from the European Union (2023)*
• Intake Assessment of Vegetable Oil using Food Consumption Data from the European Union (2023)*
• Summary of the Intake Assessment of EPA/DHA Omega-3 Oils and Vegetable Oil using Food Consumption Data from the European Union (2023)*

* These reports were used as the basis for "The intake of omega-3 oils and vegetable oils in the European Union. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess" (2025) publication.

GOED has commissioned several assessments to document the safety of EPA and DHA omega-3s.

• Cantox Intake Asssessment Report (2012)
• Spherix Hazard Characterization Report (2012)

Safety Assessments

Several geographies have published safety/upper limit assessments. Click on the links below for more information.

• EU: EFSA Scientific Opinion on Upper Intake Levels for EPA and DHA (2012)
• Norway: Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Fish Oil Risk Assessment (2011)
• Australia: TGA Safety Assessment of Fish Oil and Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2010)
• Germany: BFR Recommendation for Omega-3 Maximum Levels in Fortified Foods (2009)